Background
Conventional fruit cultivation – for example, oranges in Brazil or pineapples in Costa Rica – frequently involves monoculture plantations, damaging the environment and biodiversity through deforestation, the extensive use of pesticides, and fertilizers. In Europe, apple cultivation is one of the most chemical-intensive agricultural sectors. On the large-scale plantations in tropical and subtropical areas, working conditions are often precarious and may involve human rights violations, including child and enforced labour, non-living wages, inhumane working hours, discrimination, or poor workplace health and safety conditions. Cases of exploitation can also occur in Europe as well, such as in southern Spain or in Italy, for example, where many fruit pickers from Africa or eastern Europe receive insufficient wages, frequently have to work extra hours, and often lack protective equipment.